tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55561789941697032012024-03-12T19:38:57.526-07:00Jack's chemistrywoodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-28642153544654690002011-05-18T11:25:00.000-07:002011-05-18T11:25:02.521-07:00Exam Review11) You know a solute has formed when the solute and the substance are at an equilibrium, meaning no more substance an be dissolved in the solution. To create a supersaturated solution, a solution that can hold more crystals than the original equilibrium, you have to first heat the solution to boiling point then add more substance while stirring. This will allow the solution to hold more of the substance. There are three factors that affect solubility, the polarity of the substance and the polarity of the solvent, temperature (the higher the temperature the more it can hold), Pressure (the higher pressure can hold more solute in the solution)<br />
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31) Draw and explain how a nuclear facility works.woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-77930266538268941542011-04-06T12:18:00.000-07:002011-04-07T10:27:26.570-07:00Nuclear Medicine<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Ever since its first use over 50 years ago Nuclear Chemistry plays a crucial role in many different medical fields, especially in cancer treatments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contrary to popular belief, nuclear chemistry is not only used for treatment, but also has an important part in cancer detecting and monitoring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PET scans are used to help doctors pin point the location of cancer cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Radiation therapy is then used to eliminate the cancer from the patient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PET scans and radiation therapy are usually the first process a cancer patient goes through.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PET scan Machine(7)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>PET scans(positron emission tomography scans)(1) are used to check the progress of the cancer treatments and to pin point the cancer cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, doctors inject radioactive sugar(Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose) into the patients arm(1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason behind using sugar is because cancer uses sugar to grow and expand, so when the radioactive glucose, also known as a Radiotracer, is injected it is immediately sent to the cancer cells(3).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the radiotracer has reached the cancer cells, the patient is put into a doughnut like machine resembling an MRI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The machine is able to detect the energy that the radiation is giving off, and is then able to put together a 3D picture of the patient and the cancer within the patient(3). </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PET scan Image(6)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radiotracer(8)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radiation Machine(10)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">After the cancer is located, an oncologist determines were the best place to hit the cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This has to be extremely accurate and consistent each time, in order to maintain consistency the oncologist tattoos three small dots the size of a human hair which is used to align the machine(4). The oncologist must also decide on the dose, which varies from 60Gy to 80Gy(2), this depends on whether the patient is undergoing chemotherapy and the patients’ health. Radiation therapy is affective because it kills cancer cells, this also means that any healthy cells that are hit also die off(2).</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radiation symbol(9)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Although nuclear medicine is vital to cancer treatments, the radiation produced can cause some serious side effects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A human being can only be exposed to a certain amount of radiation in one lifetime(4).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The side effects are similar to the flu, which includes vomiting, Nausea, loss of appetite, severe burns and abdominal pain(2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Radiation can also affect your entire nervous system and cause hot flashes, loss of control in certain areas of the body and typically when receiving the radiotracer dye a patient will feel as if they are peeing their pants but they aren’t(5).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is also many long term affects because when radiation beams are sent to hit the cancer cells the can often hit other organs such as the heart or lungs(4).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cancer survivors must go in often for checkups and routine tests to make sure their body has been able to cope with the effects of radiation therapy(5).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
SOURCES</div><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cleveland Clinic. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Web. <http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/pet_scan/hic_pet_scan.aspx>.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Radiation Therapy, Cancer Treatment, Radiotherapy, Radiation Oncology,." ELEKTA. Lynda Jackson Macmillan Centre for Cancer Support. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.elekta.com/patient_international_radiation_therapy.php>.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">"Nuclear Medicine, PET." RadiologyInfo - The Radiology Information Resource for Patients. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=PET>.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: What Breast Cancer Patients Need to Know." Cancernews.com. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp>.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">"Radiation Therapy and You - National Cancer Institute." Comprehensive Cancer Information - National Cancer Institute. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/radiation-therapy-and-you/page6>.</span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> IMAGE SOURCES</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">6. "PET Scan - Division of Nuclear Medicine - BWH Department of Radiology." Brigham And Women's Hospital - A Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/radiology/services/nuclearmedicine/Patient/PETScan.aspx.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">7. PET Scan, PET/CT, CT Scan Imaging, South Florida, Oncology, Cancer. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. http://www.petimagingflorida.com/.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">8. "Brain Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Imaging with Dual-Head Coincidence Gamma Camera:Comparison with Dedicated Ring-Detector PositronEmission Tomography -- Fukuchi Et Al. 21 (1): 99." American Journal of Neuroradiology. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/1/99.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">9. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. <http://www.radioactivemusic.com/>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">10. <i>Inforamtion On Radiation Therapist Salary</i>. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. <http://radiationtherapistsalary.com/>.</div>woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-17903250168526537852011-02-02T15:08:00.000-08:002011-02-02T15:11:40.015-08:00Optional Blog Topic<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">trigonal pyramidal</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"> -Egyptian Pyramids</span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.korthalsaltes.com/photo/Cheops_pyramid_model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.korthalsaltes.com/photo/Cheops_pyramid_model.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 24px;"><b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">trigonal planar</span></span></span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"> -Eiffel Tower</span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><a href="http://www.photoeverywhere.co.uk/west/paris/eiffel_tower_night3030.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.photoeverywhere.co.uk/west/paris/eiffel_tower_night3030.JPG" width="150" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
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</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">tetrahedral</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"> -A Jack</span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sKmmZ-W4Xgs/S8lWBwwgMRI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/flBNB2PGZA8/s1600/jacks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="159" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sKmmZ-W4Xgs/S8lWBwwgMRI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/flBNB2PGZA8/s200/jacks.jpg" width="200" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 24px;"><b><br />
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</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 24px;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 24px;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">*I had better pictures I had taken my self (besides the pyramids), but I couldn't get them to load.</span></div>woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-22156996929851722042010-11-09T15:33:00.000-08:002010-11-09T15:38:55.464-08:00Exam Review Question 66. What is the difference between a solution and a heterogeneous mixture? A solution and a compound? Give an example of each.<br />
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The difference between a solution and a homogenous mixture is that a solution is homogenous, meaning it is evenly mixed throughout, but a heterogeneous is not evenly mixed, like a soup or salad and a solution is like a coke or Dr. Pepper. Both solutions and compounds are homogenous, but compounds are chemically bonded together like sterling silver which is a mixture between silver and copper.woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-31648317063531490272010-10-06T12:12:00.000-07:002010-10-06T12:13:44.534-07:00Rutherford's Gold Foil ExperimentRutherford made many important descoveries to chemistry, especially with his gold foil expierement. To learn more just click <a href="http://jack41.glogster.com/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment/">HERE.</a><br />
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<strong><u>Citations:</u></strong><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rutherford.org.nz/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0e65d6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ernest Rutherford - Scientist Supreme</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A resource on Ernest <b>Rutherford</b> compiled by John Campbell, the author of <b>Rutherford</b> Scientist Supreme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.rutherford.org.nz/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0e65d6; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.rutherford.org.nz/</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Unit II." <i>Lincoln High School, Lincoln, Nebraska</i>. Web. 06 Oct. 2010. <a href="http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/chem_notes/UnitII.htm">http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/chem_notes/UnitII.htm</a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-chemistry - Ernest Rutherford;." <i>Reich-chemistry - Home</i>. Web. 06 Oct. 2010. <a href="http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Ernest%20Rutherford;">http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Ernest%20Rutherford;</a>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Geigerâ</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">€“</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marsden Experiment." <i>Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia</i>. Web. 06 Oct. 2010. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger–Marsden_experiment">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger–Marsden_experiment</a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"YouTube - Nucleus of an Atom." <i>YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.</i> Web. 06 Oct. 2010. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8RuO2ekNGw">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8RuO2ekNGw</a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
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</div>woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-21671962560207551122010-10-04T12:15:00.001-07:002010-10-04T12:15:24.275-07:00Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experimentgoldwoodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5556178994169703201.post-90797168241809366842010-09-09T21:15:00.000-07:002010-09-09T21:15:15.213-07:00Aluminum FoilI chose common house hold aluminum foil. I chose it because it is an important part of our modern day world. Aluminum is an important resource and good building material because of is light weight and malleability. Aluminum foil is used any were, from keeping food warm or molding into fun shapes. Aluminum foil also makes for a fun chemistry project! To take a more in depth view click <a href="http://jjack41.glogster.com/glog/">here</a>.woodyleonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07032151277877413427noreply@blogger.com3